Commonwealth v. Clancy

2383CR00198 · Plymouth Superior

Commonwealth v. Clancy, August 4, 2026

TuesdayreportedcommonwealthDay 6 of 28

Eight witnesses, seven of them State Police, and one procedural event that reshaped the trial. Before the jury was seated, Lindsay Clancy was sworn and stipulated to the Commonwealth's chain-of-custody, blood, DNA and exercise-band evidence - Exhibit J - and Judge Sullivan accepted it at about 9:45 after finding her knowing, intelligent, voluntary and competent. It was the first time the public heard her voice.

What followed was the forensic case nobody was contesting: the South Shore Hospital surgeon who called her neck and wrist cuts superficial and then conceded on cross that she had not known her patient later coded at Brigham and Women's; the lieutenant who counted the pills left in nine bottles and could not say why the nightstand drawer was never emptied; the crime lab toxicologists who identified her prescribed medications but were not equipped to measure them; the analyst who found no substances at all in the three children; and the bloodstain supervisor who agreed with the Commonwealth that the window sill could have been gripped and with the defense that the mirror drips could be cast-off from a knife.

Key points
  • THIS IS THE DAY THE CASE NARROWED. The Exhibit J colloquy ran from about 9:39 to 9:45 on August 4, 2026, with the jury out. Clancy was sworn, answered Judge Sullivan directly, and stipulated to the Commonwealth's chain-of-custody, blood, fluid, DNA and exercise-band evidence. Reddington told the court the defense is not contesting the government's case in chief. Everything after this turns on criminal responsibility.
  • IT WAS ALSO THE FIRST TIME THE PUBLIC HEARD HER VOICE. CNN's end-of-week review makes the point explicitly: the subject matter was unremarkable, but the moment was not. The Boston Globe describes her as calm and competent; the judge found her competent on the record.
  • TOXICOLOGY ON ALL THREE CHILDREN DETECTED NOTHING. Alicia Zimmerman reviewed the post-mortem data and issued the reports, and the defense did not cross-examine her. The children were not drugged.
  • ONLY PRESCRIBED MEDICATION WAS IN THE DEFENDANT'S SYSTEM. No alcohol, amphetamines, cocaine, fentanyl, methamphetamine, marijuana or opiates, confirmed by Griffiths on the defense's own cross-examination.
  • NOBODY MEASURED ANYTHING ON THIS DAY. Both crime lab toxicologists told the jury the lab identifies drugs and does not quantify them. Quantification went out to NMS Labs, and MassLive reports several NMS employees were on the Commonwealth's witness list - which is where the over-medication argument actually gets decided, not here.
  • COUNTING DETECTIONS IS NOT COUNTING DRUGS. Griffiths listed four benzodiazepine substances and told the jury one of them, diazepam, breaks down into the other three. Boston 25's account of Yelle's screen says five drug substances. Any tally taken from this day's coverage will overstate the number of medications.
  • THE PILL COUNTS CUT BOTH WAYS, AND BOTH SIDES ARE ON THE RECORD. The Commonwealth's point is that nine bottles were mostly full. Patrick Clancy testified earlier that these were discontinued prescriptions he had been told to discard and had been keeping in his truck. MassLive is the only outlet that published the actual counts, which are recorded here in full.
  • THE THREE-WEEK CHARACTERIZATION DOES NOT QUITE MATCH THE DATES AS REPORTED. Reddington asked whether these were all pills issued within about a three-week period and Rabbitt agreed. MassLive's fill dates run from September 15 to November 25, 2022, although seven of the nine fall between October 26 and November 25. Both the question and the dates are recorded; no outlet read notes the gap.
  • THE DEFENSE GOT ITS BEST MATERIAL OUT OF THE COMMONWEALTH'S OWN BLOODSTAIN ANALYST. Crook agreed that the window sill transfer stain is consistent with bloody hands placed on the sill, that the drips at the mirror are consistent with cast-off from a knife drawn across a throat, and that anyone who slid down the shingles in contact with them would have left a smear the whole way. The Commonwealth's competing reading - that she gripped the sill and lowered herself rather than jumping - also came from her, on Sprague's question.
  • THE SURGEON WHO SAID SUPERFICIAL ALSO SAID COMPLEX SPINAL FRACTURES. Dr. Carpio is at least the third medical witness in this trial to describe the neck and wrist cuts as superficial, after the first responders on July 30 and Dr. McDonough on August 3. The same witness described serious cervical and thoracic damage, hypothermia and low blood pressure, and told Reddington she had not known her patient later coded at Brigham and Women's or needed massive transfusions there.
  • NO USABLE FINGERPRINTS ON THE KNIFE OR ON THE EXERCISE BANDS.
  • THE NIGHTSTAND DRAWER CAME BACK, THROUGH A COMMONWEALTH WITNESS. Rabbitt agreed the warrant authorized seizure of prescription medication in the home and said he did not know why nobody seized the bottles in the drawer beside the bed. This is the second day running that the drawer has been put to an investigator, and it recurs on August 13.
  • THE JUNE 15, 2023 RE-COLLECTION IS UNRESOLVED IN THE REPORTING. The Boston Globe says the shingle samples tested negative for blood and that Hartnett agreed five months of weather would have degraded them; Boston 25 has her identifying three shingles containing blood stains for further analysis. The Commonwealth's DNA analyst testified the next day that blood from the shingles matched the defendant. Logged in evidence.json as shingle-blood-results and left open.
  • WHO EXAMINED RABBITT IS DISPUTED, THE SAME WAY IT IS ON OTHER DAYS. The Boston Globe names ADA Jennifer Sprague; CBS Boston, boston.com and MassLive name ADA Shanan Buckingham. The identical split between the same outlets recurs on August 10 and August 11. Logged as rabbitt-direct-prosecutor.
  • NOT A SINGLE OBJECTION IS REPORTED ON THIS DAY, which is itself a fact about the case: the defense had just stipulated to the material the Commonwealth spent the day proving, and told the court so.
  • THIS ENTRY REPLACES A CARRIED-OVER SESSION LIST THAT WAS WRONG FOR THIS DATE. The previous version of this day named Drs. Snyder, Capraro, Casavant and McDonough as the day's witnesses, drawn from the original hand-built list and flagged as unconfirmed. None of them testified on August 4; Dr. McDonough testified on August 3. The witness list above is taken from the live coverage.

Witnesses (8)

Dr. Cristina CarpioCommonwealth
General surgeon, South Shore Hospital, Weymouth. CBS Boston and boston.com call her a general surgeon; East Idaho News calls her a trauma surgeon. The name appears as Cristina Carpio (Boston Globe, boston.com, Boston 25), Christina Carpio (WJAR) and Cristina Karpio (CBS Boston).
Direct: Not named by any outlet read; ADA Shanan Buckingham conducted the redirect, per boston.com Cross: Reddington
  • FIRST WITNESS OF THE DAY. Called at about 9:53, immediately after the jury was seated. She treated Clancy at South Shore Hospital on the night of January 24, 2023. Boston 25 and East Idaho News agree on the time.
  • She described the cuts to Clancy's neck and wrists as superficial and said they did not require treatment. Boston 25 stamps the answer at 9:55.
  • The report she reviewed described cuts that went through skin into exposed fat but did not reach muscle, artery or tendon. She saw no deep cuts. Boston 25 at 10:09; the Boston Globe carries the same point as the absence of deep cuts on the wrists.
  • Clancy arrived with a low body temperature and low blood pressure. Staff wrapped her in a forced-air warming blanket - Boston 25's reporter renders it as a bear-hugger blanket - and as her temperature rose the lacerations needed no further attention.
  • She had serious damage to the cervical and thoracic spine. The Boston Globe and boston.com both report the phrase complex fractures, and Carpio said the injuries were why the decision was made to move her to Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston. The Globe reports the transfer was by helicopter.
  • boston.com adds that she noted no obvious head injuries.
  • CROSS-EXAMINATION, AND THE FIGURES ONLY ONE OUTLET CARRIES. East Idaho News records Reddington establishing that Clancy was a Level 1 trauma patient requiring a higher level of care, that she arrived at Brigham and Women's with a core temperature of 82 degrees, and that she had a spinal transection at T5-T6 with instability. No other outlet read reports these three points, and they are recorded on East Idaho News alone.
  • CROSS-EXAMINATION, WHAT SHE DID NOT KNOW. Asked whether she knew her patient had coded shortly after being brought to Brigham and Women's, Carpio said no. Asked whether she knew Clancy had needed massive transfusions there, she said no. CBS Boston. boston.com adds that she was also unaware that staff at Brigham used tubes to remove blood from Clancy's chest, and frames the whole passage as Reddington challenging the care given at South Shore Hospital.
  • CROSS-EXAMINATION ON BLOOD LOSS. WJAR reports Reddington asking whether it mattered to her to know whether a patient had lost blood. Carpio answered that where there is a large volume of blood loss the EMS crew routinely comments on how the patient was found; Reddington put it to her that that is EMS and she is the surgeon, and she agreed.
  • REDIRECT. Fielding a question from ADA Shanan Buckingham, Carpio said Clancy was stable before she was transported to Brigham and Women's. boston.com.
  • WHAT SHE WAS NOT ASKED. No outlet read reports her offering any opinion on whether the injuries reflected a genuine attempt at suicide, which is the contested question the word superficial sits inside.
Lt. Joseph RabbittCommonwealth
Lieutenant, Massachusetts State Police. CBS Boston renders the surname Rabbit.
Direct: DISPUTED. ADA Shanan Buckingham per CBS Boston, boston.com and MassLive; ADA Jennifer Sprague per the Boston Globe. See evidence.json, rabbitt-direct-prosecutor. Cross: Reddington
  • Called at about 10:14 (East Idaho News) to 10:16 (Boston 25). He executed the search warrant at 47 Summer Street on the night of the killings.
  • He found four prescription pill bottles in an upper kitchen cabinet. Boston Globe, CBS Boston, boston.com. East Idaho News also records a Pedia-Lax bottle found in the kitchen.
  • On February 6, 2023, Patrick Clancy came to the Plymouth County district attorney's office accompanied by his lawyer, David Meier, and turned over further prescription bottles. CBS Boston says they were in a CVS bag. The Boston Globe counts nine additional bottles; MassLive's account of the testimony walks through nine.
  • THE PILL COUNTS, WHICH ONLY MASSLIVE PUBLISHED. With each bottle placed in front of him on the stand, Rabbitt gave the fill date and said how many of the pills had been taken: Zoloft filled September 15, 2022, seven of thirty gone; lorazepam filled October 26, 2022, sixteen of thirty; buspirone filled October 26, 2022, two of thirty; hydroxyzine filled October 26, 2022, three of thirty; buspirone filled November 9, 2022, none of thirty; trazodone filled November 16, 2022, six and a half of thirty; fluoxetine filled November 21, 2022, thirteen of fifty-six; lorazepam filled November 22, 2022, twenty-one and a half of forty; clonazepam filled November 25, 2022, two and a half of fourteen. MassLive renders the last as Klonazepam.
  • WHAT THE COMMONWEALTH IS DOING WITH IT. boston.com and CBS Boston both report the prosecution's purpose plainly: the mostly full bottles are offered to show that Clancy was not taking what she was prescribed. MassLive adds that prosecutors have also sought to suggest she was reporting adverse reactions that did not match the prescriptions.
  • WHAT CUTS AGAINST IT, ALREADY IN THE RECORD. Patrick Clancy testified earlier in the trial that the medications he turned in were the ones his wife had been told to stop taking, after her providers adjusted her dosages, and that he had been keeping them in his truck to dispose of. boston.com and MassLive both put that testimony directly against this witness's counts. The Boston Globe makes the same point in its own words.
  • CROSS-EXAMINATION, THE THREE-WEEK POINT. Reddington put it to Rabbitt that these were all pills issued on prescriptions within about a three-week period, and Rabbitt agreed. CBS Boston and MassLive both carry the exchange; East Idaho News frames it as an October-to-November three-week period and names lorazepam, Zoloft, hydroxyzine and fluoxetine. NOTE THAT THE FILL DATES AS REPORTED RUN FROM SEPTEMBER 15 TO NOVEMBER 25, 2022, although seven of the nine fall between October 26 and November 25.
  • CROSS-EXAMINATION, THE NIGHTSTAND DRAWER. Rabbitt told Reddington that the warrant authorized investigators to seize prescription medication in the home. He said he did not know why none of the officers involved in the search had seized additional bottles prescribed to Lindsay Clancy that were in a drawer of the nightstand beside her bed. Boston Globe. boston.com describes Reddington hammering again at the drawer, which he says held additional empty pill bottles; East Idaho News records the defense point that the nightstand was not searched even though the warrant was executed in the early morning. This is the second day running on which the drawer has been put to a Commonwealth witness.
Maureen HartnettCommonwealth
Forensic scientist, Massachusetts State Police Crime Laboratory
Direct: Buckingham, per boston.com Cross: Reddington
  • WHEN SHE WAS CALLED IS REPORTED TWO WAYS. Boston 25's court reporter has her called at about 10:40 and testifying through to the morning break at about 11:01. East Idaho News posts a morning recess at 10:39 and her testimony at 11:02. The two feeds run closely together on every other event of the day. Recorded, not resolved.
  • On the night of the killings she responded first to South Shore Hospital, where she observed red-brown stains on Clancy's hands and collected her clothing. East Idaho News, boston.com.
  • At the house she tested a red-brown stain on the basement floor where Cora was found, and four stains in the upstairs bedroom, for the presence of blood. All were positive. Boston 25 at 10:49.
  • She collected samples from the floor, the mirror and the window sill of the primary bedroom, and took fingernail swabbings. East Idaho News. The Boston Globe puts it as samples of red-brown stains from throughout the house, with initial screening tests showing that some of them were blood.
  • She said the stains she sampled appeared to come from a single bleeder, and that she also tested stains found in the yard. Boston 25 at 10:55.
  • SHE TESTED THE INSIDE OF THE WINDOW BUT NOT THE OUTSIDE. Boston 25 at 10:53: she tested the red-brown stains on the inside of the second-floor bedroom window for blood but not those on the outside, although exterior photographs show a red-brown stain on the outside of the same sill.
  • THE JUNE 15, 2023 RETURN. Nearly five months after the killings she went back to the Duxbury house because investigators asked for additional testing of the red-brown stains on the shingles on the exterior back of the house, below the window Clancy went out of. Boston Globe, boston.com, Boston 25 at 10:58.
  • WHAT THE JUNE 15 SAMPLES SHOWED IS THE DAY'S UNRESOLVED FACT. The Boston Globe reports flatly that those samples tested negative for blood, and that Hartnett acknowledged the stains would have degraded over five months of weather. Boston 25 stamps her at 11:40 identifying three shingles removed from the home that contained blood stains for further analysis. The two accounts are recorded side by side and neither is preferred. It matters because the Commonwealth's DNA analyst testified the following day that blood from the shingles and the ground below the window matched the defendant. Logged in evidence.json as shingle-blood-results.
  • THE ORANGE STAIN. A stain Boston 25's reporter calls an orange ball, under the bedroom window sill, tested negative for blood. Boston 25 notes that Patrick Clancy had testified it was his own repair of woodpecker damage. Stamped at 11:01, immediately before the morning break in that feed.
  • THE EXERCISE BANDS. She tested the three exercise bands the Commonwealth says were used to strangle the children, swabbing samples from both ends of each band and from the center. Boston 25 at 11:44.
  • CROSS-EXAMINATION. WJAR reports Reddington asking whether she would agree that weather affects and degrades blood, and Hartnett answering absolutely. No outlet read reports any other subject on her cross.
Trooper Jonathan O'LoughlinCommonwealth
Trooper, Massachusetts State Police
  • Called at about 11:59 (East Idaho News) to 12:00 (Boston 25). No outlet read names the prosecutor who examined him.
  • He assisted in processing the Clancy home for evidence and collected the exercise bands, pajamas, a pink robe, a cellphone and the knife. East Idaho News.
  • He put on black gloves and opened an evidence envelope to identify the knife Clancy is said to have used to cut herself, but did not display the weapon. boston.com. CBS Boston instead reports that jurors were shown the blood-stained knife previously seen in Clancy's bedroom, and the Boston Globe reports jurors being shown crime scene photographs that included the knife. Whether the physical knife was held up is not settled by what was read.
  • NO USABLE PRINTS. The knife found in the bedroom and the three exercise bands were of no value for fingerprint comparison analysis. Boston 25 at 12:16. boston.com puts it as investigators being unable to recover useful fingerprint evidence from either the knife or the bands. East Idaho News says there was insufficient fingerprint detail on the knife for comparison and that no prints could be retrieved from the bands.
  • East Idaho News records the defense making the point again through this witness that the medications in the nightstand were not collected.
  • WJAR carries a cross-examination exchange it attributes only to another witness - the bottom line is that you didn't get any fingerprints, correct, and you could have just said that, right. The subject matter fits this witness and no other on the day, but the outlet does not name him, so it is recorded as unattributed.
Hilary GriffithsCommonwealth
Forensic scientist, Massachusetts State Police Crime Laboratory toxicology unit. MassLive renders the first name Hillary.
Cross: Reddington
  • Called at about 12:23 (Boston 25) to 12:24 (East Idaho News). No outlet read names the prosecutor on her direct examination.
  • She tested blood and urine samples taken from Lindsay Clancy while she was at South Shore Hospital on the night of the killings. Boston 25 at 12:43, MassLive.
  • She identified benzodiazepines in both the blood and the urine, and listed four separate substances for the jury - but told the jury that one of them, diazepam, breaks down into the other three. MassLive. East Idaho News's account of the same testimony names diazepam alongside trazodone and quetiapine metabolites.
  • THE LAB IDENTIFIES, IT DOES NOT MEASURE. She told jurors the crime lab is not equipped to determine how much of a particular drug was in a person's system; her testing was designed to identify which drugs were there. MassLive.
  • boston.com attributes to Griffiths and Yelle together the finding that Clancy's blood and urine contained mirtazapine, lamotrigine, quetiapine and trazodone, without separating which witness said what.
  • East Idaho News dates her toxicology report February 24, 2023, records that no alcohol or illegal drugs were detected, and says Clancy's blood was sent to a private laboratory in Pennsylvania.
  • CROSS-EXAMINATION. Reddington had her confirm that the samples showed no trace of alcohol, amphetamines, cocaine, fentanyl, methamphetamine, marijuana or opiates. boston.com and the Boston Globe. MassLive describes the cross differently, as Reddington running through the other drugs that were found in Clancy's blood and having Griffiths confirm each detection; both moves are consistent with a defense that wants the jury to see prescribed medication and nothing else.
  • SENT OUT FOR QUANTIFICATION. Griffiths and Yelle both confirmed to Reddington that blood and urine samples are often sent to outside laboratories for further testing, that in this case that testing was done by NMS Labs, and that several NMS employees were on the prosecution's witness list. MassLive.
Lisa YelleCommonwealth
Formerly of the Massachusetts State Police Crime Laboratory toxicology unit; she held the post at the time of the killings
Cross: Reddington
  • Called at about 12:40 (East Idaho News) to 12:45 (Boston 25), the last witness before the midday recess. No outlet read names the prosecutor on her direct examination.
  • She performed a general screening test on Clancy's blood and urine. A screen identifies which drugs are present and does not quantify them. MassLive, East Idaho News, Boston 25 at 12:53.
  • WHAT THE SCREEN FOUND IS REPORTED THREE WAYS AND NO OUTLET PUBLISHED THE FULL LIST. Boston 25 says the blood and urine tested positive for five drug substances. East Idaho News names trazodone and quetiapine and their metabolites. boston.com groups her with Griffiths for mirtazapine, lamotrigine, quetiapine and trazodone. A count of detections is not a count of medications: this file's own toxicology thread records that nordiazepam, oxazepam and temazepam are all diazepam metabolites.
  • She confirmed, with Griffiths, that samples are commonly sent out for quantification, and that here that was done by NMS Labs. MassLive.
Alicia ZimmermanCommonwealth
Forensic scientist, Massachusetts State Police Crime Laboratory toxicology unit
  • Called at about 2:25, after the lunch recess and after Judge Sullivan read the three post-mortem toxicology stipulations into the record. Boston 25 and East Idaho News agree on the time.
  • She reviewed the post-mortem toxicology data on blood recovered from the three children and issued the reports to the medical examiner. East Idaho News.
  • NO SUBSTANCES WERE DETECTED IN CORA, DAWSON OR CALLAN. Boston 25 at 2:32, boston.com, CBS Boston, East Idaho News. The children were not drugged, and this is the witness who says so.
  • THE DEFENSE DID NOT CROSS-EXAMINE HER. East Idaho News. She was on and off the stand inside ten minutes.
Sherri CrookCommonwealth
Supervisor, Crime Scene Response Unit, Massachusetts State Police Crime Laboratory; bloodstain pattern analyst
Direct: Sprague Cross: Reddington
  • THE LAST WITNESS OF THE DAY, and the longest on the stand. Called at about 2:34 (East Idaho News) to 2:36 (Boston 25) and still testifying when court finished at about 3:39.
  • She began with the discipline itself: bloodstain pattern analysis looks at the size, shape and distribution of stains, and some stains have a tail that can indicate direction of movement. boston.com quotes her on the method.
  • SHE WORKED FROM PHOTOGRAPHS. She conducted her analysis for this case using crime scene photographs and Maureen Hartnett's reports, not from the house itself. boston.com.
  • THE BASEMENT. On the carpet near where Cora and Callan were found, a saturation stain with lighter transfer stains around it, consistent with something moving across the area. Boston 25 at 3:00, East Idaho News at 2:56.
  • THE BEDROOM FLOOR. Circular drip stains, formed by blood falling under gravity from a source that was bleeding, overlapping in places where the bleeding continued, with smears where something moved through them. East Idaho News.
  • THE MIRROR. A drip pattern on the floor in front of the full-length mirror, and elliptical drip or spatter stains on the mirror itself - consistent either with blood in flight from something that moved, or with someone bleeding at the mirror. Boston 25 at 3:04, East Idaho News. The Boston Globe describes a large amount of blood on the mirror.
  • THE WINDOW SILL. A transfer stain, irregular in shape, meaning something bloody came into contact with it. Boston 25 at 3:05, boston.com.
  • THE NIGHTSTAND WHERE THE KNIFE LAY. Two different kinds of stain: drip stains, and a linear transfer stain left by the bloody edge of the knife. The linear stain shows the knife was moved. Boston 25 at 3:07.
  • WHAT SHE COULD NOT SAY. She could not determine the order in which the stains were made. East Idaho News at 3:08.
  • THE STAIN IN THE SNOW. The red-brown stain below the window, which East Idaho News records as stain F, was too diluted to yield information.
  • THE SHINGLES AND THE OUTSIDE OF THE SILL. The red-brown stains on the shingles beneath the open window were transfer stains - something with blood on it came into contact with the shingles - and so was the stain on the outside of the second-floor sill. Boston 25 at 3:21 and 3:24, East Idaho News at 3:16. boston.com adds that ADA Sprague drew attention to a place where blood had gathered into a droplet at the bottom of a shingle.
  • THE COMMONWEALTH'S ALTERNATIVE TO A JUMP. Sprague asked whether a bloody print could have got onto the sill and the shingles from someone leaning on the sill before going out, or hanging from it. Crook agreed it could. Boston Globe, boston.com, WJAR. boston.com notes Sprague has previously suggested Clancy climbed out of the window and either dropped or slid down rather than jumping.
  • CROSS-EXAMINATION: IS IT EVEN BLOOD. Reddington questioned whether the red-brown stains had been established to be blood at all. East Idaho News.
  • CROSS-EXAMINATION: THE SILL. He had her agree that a transfer stain on the sill could equally have come from someone placing bloody hands on it. boston.com, East Idaho News.
  • CROSS-EXAMINATION: THE MIRROR, AND THE DEFENSE'S BEST MOMENT WITH A COMMONWEALTH WITNESS. He put to her that the drips at the mirror would be consistent with a violent act there - cast-off blood thrown from a knife drawn across a throat - and she acknowledged the possibility. East Idaho News is the only outlet read that carries this exchange.
  • CROSS-EXAMINATION: THE DESCENT. If somebody climbed out the window, hung on the ledge and went down the side of the house, Reddington asked, would they not leave a smear all the way down the shingles. Crook answered that if they came in contact the entire way down, yes, there would be transfer all the way down. Boston Globe, boston.com, WJAR. Asked why there were not drops, given that a mark on one shingle had a drip on it, she answered that what is deposited depends on the amount of blood at the point of contact.
  • REDIRECT AND RECROSS. East Idaho News stamps a redirect at 3:38 in which the Commonwealth returned to the hanging-from-the-sill reading, and a defense answer that sliding down the exterior would produce transfer throughout the descent. The exchange is reported in slightly different order by different outlets; WJAR places Sprague's hanging question after the defense's leaning question, which is the sequence recorded here.

Exhibits and evidence

Rulings and objections

Procedural